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You know, in physics,

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we believe that everything around us
can be made comprehensible.

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It's a job that can easily
set you apart from other people.

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There's no restriction on thought.

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I think I have a quite
pictorial view of physics.

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<font color="
For me, an electron is red.

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I don't know why. Don't ask me why.
An electron is red.

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A photon, of course, is yellow,
because of light.

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A proton is brown.

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My perception or reality,
<font color="

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so I eat my spaghetti
and I think of the quarks

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that are inside the spaghetti.
It's true.

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You will say I'm crazy!

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I am a physicist, but I love music
and been studying music.

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Music and physics are
<font color="

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You know, human curiosity,
human creativity,

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the wish of exploring
or understanding

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how things work
at the most fundamental level,

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and what really touches me
in science, like in music,

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<font color="
built upon simplicity.

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In music, you have very complex
and rich symphonies.

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Think about Beethoven, Mahler.

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But actually, they are built up
on the combination of seven notes.

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And likewise, nature is extremely
<font color="

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but actually,
the most fundamental level

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is made of just three particles.

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I always wanted to understand,
what are we made out of?

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I need to know,
how are things connected,

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<font color="

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It is the most powerful,

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most complex machine
ever built by mankind.

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To try to understand
why we can exist at all.

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When I was young, I wanted
to understand the logic of nature...

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<font color="
which allows us to exist.

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HE CHUCKLES

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We need these laws
for our existence.

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The trouble is that these laws
can be used for peace and for war.

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ARCHIVE: Now I am become death,
destroyer of worlds.

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<font color="
you and many like you

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who brought the bomb into being
still seem to suffer, may I say,

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from a bad conscience about it.

42
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Is that true, sir?

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I do think it has left a mark

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on many of those

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<font color="

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This is not the natural
business of a scientist.

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After the first few
minutes of elation,

48
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I realised what had
happened to the world.

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A great thing, I felt,
was to eliminate this.

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<font color="
to the governments

51
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that what we want to do
is never to be associated with

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the use of these laws for war.

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Today, CERN is
a truly global laboratory

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with a community of
more than 17,000 people

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<font color="

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An incredible melting pot of
languages, cultures, traditions.

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But in a world where
conflict between countries,

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religions and cultures
sadly persist,

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this is a truly precious gift
<font color="

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We now have autocrats ruling the
largest nations on Earth

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in ways we thought
belonged to history.

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Russia launched a full-scale
invasion of Ukraine

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by land, air and sea...

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<font color="
it will end cooperation

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with up to 500 scientists
from Russian institutions.

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The last world war
had been so terrible,

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I thought it would be unimaginable
that a new war would start again.

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<font color="
learnt the lesson.

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Here at CERN,
several thousand scientists,

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coming from different
social, political systems,

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having different religions,

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having completely
different mentalities,

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<font color="

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and I might say so,
also very successfully.

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INTERVIEWER:
How many years ago was it

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that you stepped down
as Director-General?

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It's a long time ago. Wait... 1990.

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Wow! And you're still coming in?!

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<font color="

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When I became 100 years old,
some people asked me,

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"What do you do to become so old?"

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I said, there are two things.

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Always stay active
and always be curious.

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The third council decided that
we have to stop

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<font color="
with Russia now.

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It's a pity.

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I think it was more or less
the first time that,

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in the 70 years of CERN,

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that politics determined,
essentially, a council decision.

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So, this week, there was
<font color="

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So it means the representative
of our member states

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got together for
decisions and discussions.

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The contracts with Belarus and with
Russia already have been suspended.

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However, there is
<font color="

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which is a bit similar to
what we have at CERN,

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and the collaboration with them
dates back to '67,

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so it's a really
long-standing partner.

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Here at CERN, we have Israelis
<font color="

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Indians with Pakistani,

100
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so science, and fundamental science,
gives you a kind of basis

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where people,
independent of their religion,

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independent of their political
system where they grew up in,

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<font color="

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and I think that's something
important to keep.

105
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That was what CERN is for -
science for peace.

106
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I remember when I first came
to CERN, I was here visiting

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because I was thinking about
<font color="

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One of my mentors at the university

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arranged to see the Atlas detector,

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and it was the best thing

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anyone ever did for me,

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because when you see it,
it was like... It was love.

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You know, it's just
<font color="

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the precision of it, the size of it,

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the amount of human effort
and passion

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that went into building
every single little part.

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I just wanted to be a part of that.

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I got to build this,
<font color="

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you know, thousands of people
involved in this construction,

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and I really got to help with that,
those teams putting it all together.

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There was a common goal
that we all had,

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so it gave a special spirit
<font color="

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There was this chance to unlock

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something very deep
about nature itself.

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2008 was really the first time
we switched on our camera, Atlas,

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and took the first data,

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but the room was crowded
at that time, no?

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<font color="
was in that room.

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The preparation of
this experiment took decades.

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We now believe that
all the matter that we now see

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in the universe was made
during the first fraction

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<font color="
second of the age of the universe.

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In fact, it's something
like 10 to the -35 seconds.

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That means a 1

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with 34 zeros before it.

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An extremely small time.

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The zero particle and all the other
<font color="

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They weigh something.
Now, why is that?

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We believe that comes about from
a particle called the Higgs boson.

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Peter Higgs proposed the existence

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of the Higgs boson in 1964.

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I would compare it to a Roman arch.

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<font color="
semi-circular arch,

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and at the top, there is a capstone,

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and if that capstone were not there,
the arch would collapse.

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With my colleagues, we basically
sat down and said,

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"OK, we don't know what the mass of
<font color="

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but for different masses,

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we could figure out the way in which
it would show up in an experiment.

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Some experiments of that type
were being done at CERN.

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But we really thought
it was going to be heavier

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<font color="
a higher-energy accelerator.

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MACHINE BLEEPS

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The protons are in the machine.

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We're ready at this end.

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We're now in the countdown.

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Change the orbit.

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Next pulse.

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See, what happens in the sort of
<font color="

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well, actually sort of underground,
in some sense -

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what's being done down there

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is a sort of recreation of
the first seconds of the Big Bang.

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You are about 100 metres underground

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at the absolute best
<font color="

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The LHC pipe
runs through the centre,

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and protons come in
from either direction.

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If we're lucky, and if they hit

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really like a big, strong
head-on collision,

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we can create
<font color="

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Potentially something
we have never seen before.

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It's very nice
here in the control room,

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because you can see in real time

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all these collisions and particles,

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the shower coming out of it,

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<font color="
it's really overwhelming,

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and actually, it's also bothering me

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thinking about all the things that
they will discover in the future

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and that maybe I will never know.

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Everybody's trying to write history,
in a way. It's our ambition.

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00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:08,520
<font color="

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was writing pictures of cows
on the wall, right?

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So that 3,000 years later,
you walk in there and say,

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"My God, look at that!
There's a human being there."

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00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:23,560
Now, we're not trying...
<font color="

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We're trying to do
much more sophisticated things.

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00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:28,360
And when it's all done and over,

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what do you think we...
20th-century civilisation

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00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:32,320
have left behind?

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I mean, my opinion
is they will care.

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00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:36,560
<font color="

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00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:40,840
And will respect us on the basis
of the understanding we have.

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00:14:55,880 --> 00:14:58,360
When I arrived here at CERN,
you know,

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I was this student,
very much lacking in confidence,

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00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:05,760
looking around at
what's happening here,

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00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:08,480
<font color="
that I fit in here.

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00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:10,760
I felt like an impostor.

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00:15:10,760 --> 00:15:13,360
It was like another planet!

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00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:17,560
First of all, because there were
literally no Indians here at CERN.

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It was incredible.

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00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:23,680
I can tell you that even
<font color="

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00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:31,880
Coming from India, a woman,
working in the laboratory, you know,

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00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:36,440
with Europeans and with Americans
and all that, it was not easy.

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00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:39,320
The confidence is today,
the smiles are today,

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00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:44,320
but I have had endless
<font color="

205
00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:56,240
This human endeavour
is mind-boggling.

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00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:14,840
When you were presented with
the plans for the LHC,

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00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:17,080
the engineering challenge is

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absolutely enormous.

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00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:21,280
Well, I wasn't presented
with the plans.

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00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:22,760
<font color="

211
00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:24,400
HE LAUGHS

212
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,400
I came to CERN in '69.

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00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:33,080
Antiprotons now.

214
00:16:33,080 --> 00:16:34,880
What is it, 55 years now?

215
00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:38,080
Practically.

216
00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:38,080
HE LAUGHS

217
00:16:38,080 --> 00:16:39,760
55 of the 70!

218
00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,880
But this is home now,
after all this time.

219
00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:48,400
<font color="
prepared it for approval.

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00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:52,240
Took until the end of 1994
to get approved.

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00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:00,080
NEWS ARCHIVE:
The project could provide answers

222
00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:01,600
to the nature of the universe.

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00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:04,240
The machine,
called the Large Hadron Collider,

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00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:08,320
<font color="
at the time of the Big Bang.

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The tunnel was there already.

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00:17:11,560 --> 00:17:13,600
We took it over
from a previous machine.

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00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:21,600
There is a pit where the big magnets
can be lowered into the tunnel

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00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:23,440
onto a transport vehicle,

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00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:26,320
<font color="
to the LHC ring.

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00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:36,040
This is really the biggest

231
00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:40,120
and most complex scientific
project ever undertaken.

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00:17:40,120 --> 00:17:42,760
The whole 27km circumference

233
00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:46,320
is aligned to better than
a tenth of a millimetre.

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00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:52,600
<font color="
will affect our data.

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00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:58,280
The moon, for example,
also affects the LHC.

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00:17:58,280 --> 00:18:00,280
WAVES SPLASH

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00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:09,800
It's the kind of a breathing that
goes on. Like the tides, you know?

238
00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:15,400
And we need to track everything.
<font color="

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00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:19,880
that every time there is
a movement of a piece of matter

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00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:24,120
around the Earth, that actually
translates into

241
00:18:24,120 --> 00:18:27,200
a very, very, very tiny movement

242
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,480
which can be reflected
in the measurements

243
00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:32,480
at the scale at which
<font color="

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00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:34,160
We are looking for a particle

245
00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:37,440
that has a lifetime of
10 to the -22 seconds.

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00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:44,720
And within that,
if there is a movement, you're lost.

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00:18:48,520 --> 00:18:50,160
So the idea behind the collision is,

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00:18:50,160 --> 00:18:53,840
you're just getting a huge amount of
<font color="

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a single spot, and then you can
produce something very massive.

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And so by studying these collisions,

251
00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:03,160
we understand
this very microscopic world,

252
00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:06,160
and then that helps us
understand how we evolve

253
00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:10,080
<font color="
to the macroscopic,

254
00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:13,480
to galaxies,
superclusters of galaxies.

255
00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:14,760
It's all intertwined.

256
00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:17,480
We can't understand that
without understanding this.

257
00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:47,040
BELL CLANGS

258
00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,680
Hello! Welcome!

259
00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:53,360
<font color="

260
00:19:53,360 --> 00:19:58,240
All the best. Nice to welcome you
here in my home! Please, come in.

261
00:19:58,240 --> 00:19:59,560
Thank you so much!

262
00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:07,440
Do you still play the piano? Yes,
a little bit, yes, a little bit.

263
00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:11,000
I like music
<font color="

264
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,600
HE PLAYS

265
00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:23,000
I am a very old man now.
I have the advantage

266
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:28,680
that I've seen now practically
100 years of European history.

267
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:31,680
During the last war,
I was a soldier.

268
00:20:31,680 --> 00:20:35,120
I was fighting against Russia
<font color="

269
00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:46,840
In fact, I was by chance
also at Dresden when it was bombed,

270
00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:49,320
so I've seen it.
Fortunately, I survived.

271
00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:55,320
So I know what real war means.

272
00:20:55,320 --> 00:20:58,840
We have 10,000 people
who were killed in one night.

273
00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:03,200
<font color="

274
00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:07,400
When war was ended,

275
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:11,560
I was taken prisoner by
the British troops, near Hamburg.

276
00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:15,680
At that time, imagine
there was practically no radio.

277
00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,800
There were just a few
local newspapers.

278
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,040
<font color="

279
00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:24,520
So I learnt about the bombs
rather late,

280
00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:26,000
more or less by chance.

281
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:43,640
ARCHIVE: It is an atomic bomb.

282
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,360
It is a harnessing of
the basic power of the universe.

283
00:22:08,520 --> 00:22:10,680
EXPLOSION

284
00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:14,920
<font color="

285
00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:18,920
EXPLOSION

286
00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:30,400
I knew many other people

287
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,120
who were involved in
the development of these bombs.

288
00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:39,000
In Germany, it was Heisenberg.

289
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:46,920
And it was never quite clear

290
00:22:46,920 --> 00:22:50,200
whether the nuclear
chain reaction would work.

291
00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:52,120
<font color="

292
00:22:52,120 --> 00:22:55,680
He was surprised that
a bomb had worked,

293
00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:59,360
because he had calculated
the detailed cross-section,

294
00:22:59,360 --> 00:23:00,840
and he'd made a mistake.

295
00:23:02,320 --> 00:23:04,480
Simply incredible,
because Heisenberg said,

296
00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:06,440
"Look, it can't have worked"!

297
00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:08,200
<font color="
"Yes, but it worked,"

298
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,600
so he sat down and found out,
yes, he had made a mistake!

299
00:23:16,360 --> 00:23:20,640
HARRY TRUMAN: A short time ago,
an American airplane dropped

300
00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:25,560
one bomb on Hiroshima and destroyed
its usefulness to the enemy.

301
00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:31,600
<font color="
than 20,000 tons of TNT.

302
00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:36,280
The force from which the sun
draws its power has been loosed

303
00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:40,360
against those who brought war
to the Far East.

304
00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:44,120
We have spent more than $2 billion

305
00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:49,120
on the greatest scientific gamble
<font color="

306
00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:56,400
What has been done

307
00:23:56,400 --> 00:24:01,160
is the greatest achievement of
organised science in history.

308
00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:15,280
OPPENHEIMER: I think when you play
a meaningful part

309
00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:19,480
in bringing about the death
of over 100,000 people

310
00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:21,960
<font color="
a comparable number,

311
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:24,960
you naturally...

312
00:24:27,480 --> 00:24:31,200
..don't think of that as...
with ease.

313
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,360
We had known the sin of pride.

314
00:24:34,360 --> 00:24:38,120
We had turned to effect,

315
00:24:38,120 --> 00:24:41,080
in what proved to be a major way,

316
00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:42,840
the course of man's history.

317
00:24:54,360 --> 00:24:56,840
<font color="

318
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:16,800
It is an idea which is,
to some extent, unimaginable today.

319
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,720
Shortly after the Second World War,

320
00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:23,920
a handful of visionary scientists

321
00:25:23,920 --> 00:25:28,080
and a handful of visionary diplomats

322
00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:31,800
getting together
from all the continents

323
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:35,800
<font color="
"OK, we have to do something

324
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:38,360
"to get Europe out of the ruins."

325
00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:41,920
It took only a few years
to create CERN.

326
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,720
This is amazing. I cannot imagine
something like this today.

327
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,400
ARCHIVE: The council of CERN
<font color="

328
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:57,000
from the 13 member states.

329
00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:01,920
The purpose of the European
Organization for Nuclear Research

330
00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:05,160
is to further collaboration
in scientific research

331
00:26:05,160 --> 00:26:07,000
of a purely fundamental nature.

332
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,120
IN FRENCH:

333
00:26:26,440 --> 00:26:31,160
<font color="
Oppenheimer, Heisenberg...

334
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:37,880
..who worked beforehand
on different sides within the war,

335
00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:40,840
but they ignored
the political difference,

336
00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:43,960
and they were just
concentrating on science.

337
00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:52,560
<font color="
would end this civilisation,

338
00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:56,360
and would end any science and so on.

339
00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:01,600
Mankind has to learn
to control itself,

340
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:06,760
because it now has within its power
to destroy itself very cheaply.

341
00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:13,600
We brought the people together.

342
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:17,600
<font color="
which clearly states,

343
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,720
"peaceful application only".

344
00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:31,960
"The Organization shall provide for
collaboration among European states

345
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:33,600
"in nuclear research

346
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:37,080
"of a pure scientific and
fundamental character."

347
00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:44,720
<font color="
we don't think of making

348
00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:48,800
military applications.

349
00:27:51,680 --> 00:27:54,280
The responsibilities
of the scientist

350
00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:59,000
is that new technologies
are used in the proper way.

351
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:04,360
Every technology can be used
for the good of humanity

352
00:28:04,360 --> 00:28:06,120
<font color="

353
00:28:06,120 --> 00:28:09,440
I mean, typewriter
can be used for war,

354
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:11,640
or can be used for peaceful poetry.

355
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:28,400
I grew up in an industrial
part of the United States,

356
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:31,520
in western Pennsylvania, where
everybody's grandfather and father

357
00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:33,720
<font color="

358
00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:37,000
and they told us when we were kids
that if we didn't study hard,

359
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:39,400
we'd end up in the factory
like they were.

360
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:42,080
And I totally failed, you can see!

361
00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:53,680
We have Metallica,

362
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:58,160
Muse, Roger Waters,

363
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:00,320
Jack White, Pixies.

364
00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:01,880
<font color="

365
00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,120
It's not just for any rock stars.

366
00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:06,920
There'll be more, I hope!

367
00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:11,600
The science fiction question is,

368
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:17,160
do we have enough antimatter to be
dangerous, or to power a starship?

369
00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:21,320
And the answer is, even though
this is the best and only machine

370
00:29:21,320 --> 00:29:25,320
<font color="
we kind of suck.

371
00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:29,000
It's never going to be
a danger to anybody.

372
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,120
It would take longer than
the age of the universe

373
00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:36,520
to accumulate just 1g of antimatter.

374
00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:40,320
But that 1g of antimatter could put
<font color="

375
00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:45,080
Right? That's a cataclysmic amount
of antimatter to lose all at once.

376
00:29:45,080 --> 00:29:46,360
We simply...

377
00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:49,240
I wouldn't want to be anywhere
near that, let's put it that way.

378
00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:12,320
CERN in the early '90s, I found
an extremely exciting atmosphere.

379
00:30:12,320 --> 00:30:15,640
<font color="
where we were developing

380
00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:17,480
the Large Hadron Collider.

381
00:30:18,920 --> 00:30:23,640
Atlas is the biggest experiment
ever built in particle physics.

382
00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:27,240
We are all pushed by the same spirit

383
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:30,320
and by the same awareness of
being very close

384
00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:32,280
<font color="

385
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,240
In addition to the
fundamental science,

386
00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:39,880
which might have
interesting applications,

387
00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:42,320
there are the technologies
which you develop

388
00:30:42,320 --> 00:30:44,600
in order to make
the research possible,

389
00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:49,240
<font color="
is one example of that.

390
00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,880
This is a technology which was
developed in order for scientists

391
00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:56,760
to be able to collaborate
around the world, and of course,

392
00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:00,440
it's completely revolutionised
the way that humans interact.

393
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:20,880
<font color="

394
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:24,360
It used to be difficult to explain
what the web would be like.

395
00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:28,000
Now it's difficult to explain
why it was difficult.

396
00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:34,240
But back in the 1980s, at CERN,
it was an exciting place to be.

397
00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:38,200
Lots and lots of information systems
<font color="

398
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:40,360
on different networks,
all incompatible.

399
00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:44,400
So the idea was that one should be
able to communicate

400
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:45,800
by sharing information.

401
00:31:47,360 --> 00:31:52,520
How many of you have actually never
experienced the World Wide Web?

402
00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:54,400
I see one hand.

403
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:57,760
<font color="

404
00:31:57,760 --> 00:32:00,720
six, seven... No, come on!

405
00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:02,560
HE LAUGHS

406
00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:07,400
What was it that made the Web click

407
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:13,440
as the universal
hypertext on a computer network?

408
00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:17,800
It is the URL, and that is
Tim's fundamental contribution.

409
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,680
<font color="
in the CERN cafeteria one evening

410
00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:28,320
with a beer, and then I said,
"We need a catchy title for it,"

411
00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:32,440
and suddenly Tim said,
"Well, what about World Wide Web?"

412
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:36,680
I said, "Yeah. That's great.
It's a bit long!"

413
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,240
<font color="
the World Wide Web,

414
00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:42,560
which was unpronounceable
to French people!

415
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:46,400
That's why most French people
didn't like it! So...

416
00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:52,240
I don't think we've even seen
the tip of the iceberg.

417
00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:57,560
I think the potential of what the
<font color="

418
00:32:57,560 --> 00:33:00,760
both good and bad, is unimaginable.

419
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:05,000
I think we're actually
on the cusp of something

420
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:07,400
exhilarating and terrifying.

421
00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:11,920
It's just a tool, though, isn't it?
No, it's not. No.

422
00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:14,840
No, it's an alien life form.
<font color="

423
00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:18,480
I mean, when you think, then,
about... Is there life on Mars?

424
00:33:18,480 --> 00:33:20,440
Yes, it's just landed here!

425
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:26,080


426
00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:29,520

your nights with me

427
00:33:29,520 --> 00:33:33,440

<font color="

428
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:34,760


429
00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:37,400


430
00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:41,440
"You never spend
your nights with me.

431
00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:43,720
"You don't go out with
other girls either.

432
00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:46,120
"You only love your Collider."

433
00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:49,880
Tim Berners-Lee
<font color="

434
00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,320
were part of a theatre company.

435
00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:55,920
We used web pages for the clubs

436
00:33:55,920 --> 00:34:01,280
and for work, and, I mean,

437
00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,040
I did think it was
a brilliant thing.

438
00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:07,920
When this Cernettes picture
got published,

439
00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:11,520
<font color="
of a band, an artist,

440
00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:15,680
of something social on the web
which was not mere physics.

441
00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:17,080


442
00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:19,640


443
00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:21,160


444
00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:24,600
I think that CERN realised
fairly early on

445
00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:28,720
<font color="
something that it could manage.

446
00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:33,800
ARCHIVE: The most ambitious attempt
ever to recreate conditions

447
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:35,360
at the beginning of the universe

448
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:37,240
is launched this morning
in Switzerland.

449
00:34:38,360 --> 00:34:41,400
"Catastrophic,"
<font color="

450
00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:44,000
who went to court
to stop the experiment,

451
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:47,360
warning the Earth could be
eaten inside out.

452
00:34:47,360 --> 00:34:51,000
How many months or years
it takes to eat the whole Earth

453
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:52,840
cannot be predicted at the moment.

454
00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,920
<font color="

455
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:59,480
because tomorrow may be
the end of the Earth.

456
00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:01,400
HE CHUCKLES

457
00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:01,400
They've got these things

458
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:03,920
moving around at the speed of light,
then BAM!

459
00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:08,120
That story was
very beneficial for us,

460
00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:12,200
<font color="
a lot of interest and attention

461
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:15,320
by the public, the media,
which was not there before.

462
00:35:16,320 --> 00:35:18,880
Normally, we would not
publish a switch-on day.

463
00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:23,120
We never did that before.
We were forced into it, effectively.

464
00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:29,040
<font color="
and then go flat-out to make it.

465
00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:33,120
ARCHIVE: We are actually
inside the control room

466
00:35:33,120 --> 00:35:35,760
for what is genuinely
the biggest experiment

467
00:35:35,760 --> 00:35:37,320
ever undertaken by mankind.

468
00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:39,800
Nobody was more surprised than me

469
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:42,160
<font color="
at six o'clock in the morning

470
00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:44,800
and saw these huge satellite dishes

471
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:47,360
and big lorries
full of mobile studios

472
00:35:47,360 --> 00:35:48,840
and God-knows-what there.

473
00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:52,080
They were under enormous pressure.
We would normally not accept that.

474
00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:55,280
<font color="

475
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:58,320
The Google logo
was the LHC that day.

476
00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:03,280
I didn't really know
how much in the spotlight I was.

477
00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:04,760
I was doing a running commentary

478
00:36:04,760 --> 00:36:06,760
on what we were doing
from step to step.

479
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:08,760
<font color="

480
00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:10,520
Now comes the day of reckoning.

481
00:36:10,520 --> 00:36:13,880
Little did I know that my wife
was watching it at home!

482
00:36:13,880 --> 00:36:15,480
HE LAUGHS

483
00:36:15,480 --> 00:36:19,280
ARCHIVE: There are innumerable
things that could go wrong.

484
00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:21,880
This has never been done before.

485
00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:25,840
<font color="
because I kept thinking...

486
00:36:25,840 --> 00:36:28,200
I had this list in my brain -

487
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:29,840
did we check that,
did we check this?

488
00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:31,120
What about the voltage?

489
00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:34,520
You know, everything that
could have gone wrong,

490
00:36:34,520 --> 00:36:36,400
<font color="

491
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,360
ARCHIVE: Everybody is staring at
a series of screens above us,

492
00:36:40,360 --> 00:36:43,560
and the tension,
you could cut with a laser beam.

493
00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:52,160
OK, the next cycle, we will
inject the beam into the LHC.

494
00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:53,800
<font color="

495
00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:58,600
OK. Let's go.

496
00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:02,080
Five, four, three,

497
00:37:02,080 --> 00:37:05,760
two, one... Zero.

498
00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:07,360
Nothing.

499
00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:07,360
MACHINE BEEPS

500
00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:09,840
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE

501
00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:12,920
Wow!

502
00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:22,520
Wow, last night,
it was like waking up constantly,

503
00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:23,720
<font color="

504
00:37:23,720 --> 00:37:26,280
"What about...?! Did we...?!"
Oh, my gosh!

505
00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:31,840
Physics has that kind of garage
feel to it. It's not production.

506
00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:33,240
You know, it involves
a lot of tweaks.

507
00:37:33,240 --> 00:37:36,400
It involves a lot of hacking.
<font color="

508
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:37,680
We fix things, they don't work,

509
00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:39,640
we tweak them, they don't work,
then tweak them...

510
00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:45,560
Fundamental research is
a lot of getting it wrong

511
00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:47,160
until you get it right.

512
00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:51,480
But fortunately, we got it right
<font color="

513
00:37:52,720 --> 00:37:57,360
That was a day, really,
you know, a big emotion,

514
00:37:57,360 --> 00:38:00,800
when you see the thing,

515
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:04,240
on which you have been working
for years,

516
00:38:04,240 --> 00:38:06,880
together with thousands of
colleagues

517
00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:09,720
from all over the world,
<font color="

518
00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:15,000
And I said, "Wow, here we are!
We managed. We did it."

519
00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:18,200
It may have looked easy to you,

520
00:38:18,200 --> 00:38:20,280
but I can assure you
it was only made to look easy

521
00:38:20,280 --> 00:38:23,440
because of the quality of
the equipment,

522
00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,600
the quality of the software,
<font color="

523
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:28,120
the quality of the people
who have built this machine

524
00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:30,040
and will operate it in the future.

525
00:38:44,040 --> 00:38:47,000
MACHINE BEEPS

526
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:51,800
MUFFLED SPEECH

527
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:56,000
I got a call, so I went
straight over to the control room,

528
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:58,120
and all of the screens were red.

529
00:38:58,120 --> 00:38:59,680
<font color="

530
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:08,240
What we thought it was at the time
was that they had lost the helium

531
00:39:08,240 --> 00:39:10,760
and that it would take us
two months to recover.

532
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:14,840
I mean, at that point, we were just,
like, days from data, and,

533
00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:18,000
"Aargh! We've got to lose two more
<font color="

534
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:23,080
I think it only settled later
that we were talking about a year.

535
00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:30,120
It took a long time to recover,
emotionally, from it.

536
00:39:38,520 --> 00:39:41,560
Took about 50 magnets with it,

537
00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:44,720
in one sector,
that we had to replace.

538
00:39:47,360 --> 00:39:49,760
<font color="

539
00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:53,080
It was just picking ourselves up,

540
00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:56,520
rolling up our sleeves yet again
and getting on with the job.

541
00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:02,800
Clearly, I was frustrated,

542
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:09,440
but that was 24 years after
first thinking about

543
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:12,080
the physics that you could do
<font color="

544
00:40:12,080 --> 00:40:15,360
so if it was going to take another
year or two, you know, that's OK.

545
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:26,840
So I am a Palestinian from Hebron,
the West Bank.

546
00:40:26,840 --> 00:40:29,320
Part of this job is...
It's international.

547
00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:31,400
We work physics and for physics,

548
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:33,840
<font color="
all people,

549
00:40:33,840 --> 00:40:35,760
regardless of their background.

550
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:38,080
Hello, friends!

551
00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:40,760
THEY GREET ONE ANOTHER

552
00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:43,760
I don't care what you believe.

553
00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:48,160
Our goal is to understand
the building blocks of matter,

554
00:40:48,160 --> 00:40:51,160
the fundamental
<font color="

555
00:40:51,160 --> 00:40:54,760
I am a Muslim,
and I believe the God Almighty,

556
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:59,680
and I believe there is
a beginning of the universe.

557
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:02,720
And my goal is not to
contradict the God,

558
00:41:02,720 --> 00:41:07,320
but to discover the laws of God,
the laws that govern nature.

559
00:41:07,320 --> 00:41:09,440
<font color="

560
00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:12,640
My belief,
my physics works are side-by-side.

561
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:13,960
There is no contradiction.

562
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:18,960
Is my belief
consistent with my research?

563
00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:21,680
Up to now, yes.
There is no contradiction.

564
00:41:24,120 --> 00:41:28,920
There are so many
<font color="

565
00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:30,680
If we really do want to understand

566
00:41:30,680 --> 00:41:33,000
why the universe is the way it is,

567
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,160
we need to understand

568
00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:37,240
what the pieces are that make it up,

569
00:41:37,240 --> 00:41:39,320
and how those pieces fit together.

570
00:41:41,080 --> 00:41:42,720
The pieces that we know about,

571
00:41:42,720 --> 00:41:46,240
is that all of them
<font color="

572
00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:50,040
When they were building
a part of this,

573
00:41:50,040 --> 00:41:54,320
they needed some really,
really high-purity brass,

574
00:41:54,320 --> 00:41:58,520
which was expensive and
difficult to get hold of,

575
00:41:58,520 --> 00:42:03,120
but some of the Russian colleagues
realised that they had

576
00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:06,000
<font color="

577
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:09,880
made out of exactly the right
quality brass necessary,

578
00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:15,040
and so over a million World War II
shell casings were collected,

579
00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:20,320
melted down and turned into
our calorimeter, right in here.

580
00:42:26,520 --> 00:42:30,440
CERN was one of the holes
<font color="

581
00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:32,320
during the Cold War,

582
00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:35,600
because all the people from the
other side of the Iron Curtain

583
00:42:35,600 --> 00:42:39,000
could come to CERN, and vice versa.

584
00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:51,360
CERN is the only organisation

585
00:42:51,360 --> 00:42:54,320
which had in its foundation
the double role

586
00:42:54,320 --> 00:43:00,160
<font color="
the relations between countries.

587
00:43:01,320 --> 00:43:02,720
ARCHIVE: The moment is at hand.

588
00:43:02,720 --> 00:43:04,560
President Reagan now
is at a lakeside mansion

589
00:43:04,560 --> 00:43:06,880
about eight miles north of Geneva,

590
00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:09,320
and it is there that the president
<font color="

591
00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:11,800
with Mikhail Gorbachev
of the Soviet Union,

592
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:13,480
the first meeting
between the leaders of

593
00:43:13,480 --> 00:43:16,120
the two most powerful forces
in the history of civilisation

594
00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:17,600
in more than six years now.

595
00:43:26,360 --> 00:43:30,240
CAMERA SHUTTERS CLICK

596
00:43:30,240 --> 00:43:32,080
<font color="

597
00:43:32,080 --> 00:43:35,880
I got a call from the head
of the American delegation

598
00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:37,600
to prepare the discussion.

599
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:44,200
We said, "Look, we need a place
which is respected by both sides,

600
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:48,520
"where we can freely and
informally discuss the problems."

601
00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:53,560
<font color="
from the Russians and Americans,

602
00:43:53,560 --> 00:43:54,760
to dinner at CERN.

603
00:43:56,440 --> 00:44:00,560
And after their first toast,
I left them alone, I said goodbye.

604
00:44:01,640 --> 00:44:04,560
REAGAN: I called for a fresh start,
and we made that start.

605
00:44:04,560 --> 00:44:07,160
<font color="
a meeting of the minds

606
00:44:07,160 --> 00:44:10,440
on such fundamentals as ideology
or national purpose,

607
00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:15,440
but we understand each other better,
and that's a key to peace.

608
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:16,880
APPLAUSE

609
00:44:16,880 --> 00:44:18,720
I think if, in the end,

610
00:44:18,720 --> 00:44:22,160
Gorbachev could sign
<font color="

611
00:44:22,160 --> 00:44:26,280
it was, I believe,
with the help of the physicists.

612
00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:56,320
The Large Hadron Collider is
a machine for the world,

613
00:44:56,320 --> 00:44:59,080
because it's the only
machine of that type.

614
00:44:59,080 --> 00:45:01,520
It brings the world forward,

615
00:45:01,520 --> 00:45:03,200
<font color="

616
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:05,640
because the whole world
is involved.

617
00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:17,640
We could not immediately start with
the highest possible energy

618
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:20,000
for which the LHC was designed,

619
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:22,560
so we decided to go on very slowly,

620
00:45:22,560 --> 00:45:27,360
but we reached the highest energy
<font color="

621
00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:29,440
It's a bit like an explorer,

622
00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:33,760
because I see something which
nobody else had seen before.

623
00:45:33,760 --> 00:45:35,000
It's brilliant.

624
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:45,320
40 million pictures per second
of these conditions,

625
00:45:45,320 --> 00:45:47,960
roughly 150 million channels, yeah?

626
00:45:47,960 --> 00:45:49,960
<font color="
picture.

627
00:45:54,720 --> 00:45:58,320
Of course, then we were in a rush
to find the Higgs particle.

628
00:45:58,320 --> 00:46:00,760
I mean, that was what
we wanted to see.

629
00:46:02,600 --> 00:46:06,240
What's left to fill the gap
between theory and experiment?

630
00:46:06,240 --> 00:46:08,400
<font color="

631
00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:14,040
For particle physicists,
discovering the Higgs boson,

632
00:46:14,040 --> 00:46:18,560
this would be like...
landing on the moon.

633
00:46:21,920 --> 00:46:25,600
It's not just a particle, it's not
just a thing that gets produced.

634
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:30,480
It is a clue to one of
<font color="

635
00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:32,440
of our lives and worlds,

636
00:46:32,440 --> 00:46:34,760
which is, how do we get mass?

637
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:43,680
It was sort of, bam, bam, bam.

638
00:46:43,680 --> 00:46:45,440
We were working along,
we were doing everything,

639
00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:48,520
calibrating the detector, and then
suddenly there was something there.

640
00:46:48,520 --> 00:46:50,720
<font color="
"OK, God, is this the Higgs?"

641
00:46:50,720 --> 00:46:51,960
You know, "Could this be it?"

642
00:46:51,960 --> 00:46:54,280
Of course, there was this excitement
that we knew that...

643
00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:55,600
But it happened so fast.

644
00:47:00,960 --> 00:47:04,200
You check and recheck,
and then you see suddenly

645
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,600
<font color="

646
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,160
indicating
something interesting growing.

647
00:47:11,280 --> 00:47:14,680
People were working days and nights,
looking at the data.

648
00:47:16,720 --> 00:47:19,960
There was something
special going on.

649
00:47:24,480 --> 00:47:28,440
We decided, "OK,
we will have a seminar,"

650
00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:30,640
<font color="

651
00:47:30,640 --> 00:47:33,840
is it a discovery or is it
close to a discovery?

652
00:47:45,240 --> 00:47:48,400
Today, we hear two presentations
from the two experiments

653
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:52,320
at Las Encinas, on the update on
a search for a certain particle.

654
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:58,600
We have a magic limit
<font color="

655
00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:01,680
When we cross this
threshold of evidence,

656
00:48:01,680 --> 00:48:03,760
then you can call it a discovery.

657
00:48:03,760 --> 00:48:07,920
We needed to cross this threshold
in both experiments,

658
00:48:07,920 --> 00:48:10,640
because a cross-check is
absolutely vital.

659
00:48:11,880 --> 00:48:14,400
There were many, many people
<font color="

660
00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,560
the previous Director-General,
Peter Rees was there,

661
00:48:17,560 --> 00:48:18,680
Francois Englert...

662
00:48:20,240 --> 00:48:23,360
The day of the announcement
was really kind of...

663
00:48:23,360 --> 00:48:25,160
Not only was the world
learning about it

664
00:48:25,160 --> 00:48:28,280
<font color="
learning about the other half.

665
00:48:28,280 --> 00:48:30,640
..so this distribution is
extremely clean,

666
00:48:30,640 --> 00:48:35,360
except one big spike here,
in this region here.

667
00:48:39,960 --> 00:48:42,600
So, zooming in this region...

668
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:45,320
APPLAUSE

669
00:48:45,320 --> 00:48:48,640
CHEERING

670
00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:55,080
<font color="
consistent with the Higgs boson.

671
00:48:55,080 --> 00:48:59,880
Thank you. As a layman,
I would now say, I think we have it.

672
00:49:01,320 --> 00:49:04,200
Do you agree?

673
00:49:01,320 --> 00:49:04,200
CHEERING, APPLAUSE CONTINUES

674
00:49:10,840 --> 00:49:15,000
Maybe one more round of applause
to all the guys...

675
00:49:16,120 --> 00:49:20,160
<font color="
for more than 25 years here.

676
00:49:20,160 --> 00:49:21,640
All of them, OK?

677
00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:24,240
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE

678
00:49:26,200 --> 00:49:31,040
When you take a step back and look
at what we achieved, it was huge.

679
00:49:34,240 --> 00:49:36,040
APPLAUSE DROWNS SPEECH

680
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:38,880
CHEERING

681
00:49:43,320 --> 00:49:46,560
The elementary particles
<font color="

682
00:49:46,560 --> 00:49:50,320
They would fly through the universe
with the speed of light.

683
00:49:50,320 --> 00:49:52,680
No chance to form composite matter.

684
00:49:52,680 --> 00:49:57,080
No chance to form us,
no chance to form the Earth.

685
00:49:57,080 --> 00:50:00,440
And now we found the explanation.
We found it!

686
00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:03,520
It...

687
00:50:03,520 --> 00:50:05,760
<font color="

688
00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:25,520
I have to say,
I was pretty emotional.

689
00:50:27,320 --> 00:50:30,800
Not quite sure whether
I had tears in my eyes.

690
00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:32,400
Peter Higgs certainly did.

691
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:36,400
So this was 48 years after

692
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:39,000
they had proposed their theory.

693
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:43,720
Well, I would like to add
<font color="

694
00:50:43,720 --> 00:50:45,480
involved in this
tremendous achievement.

695
00:50:45,480 --> 00:50:50,680
For me, it's really
an incredible thing

696
00:50:50,680 --> 00:50:52,520
that it's happened in my lifetime.

697
00:51:28,360 --> 00:51:30,240
Just at the moment
where you say,

698
00:51:30,240 --> 00:51:33,400
"OK, that was worth all my work,

699
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:36,440
<font color="
and basically you...

700
00:51:36,440 --> 00:51:39,760
..then stop working. After
that seminar, we just celebrated.

701
00:51:39,760 --> 00:51:43,200
It was a day full of
champagne and beer. Perfect!

702
00:51:48,080 --> 00:51:51,440
I think the one good thing
that I had going for me

703
00:51:51,440 --> 00:51:54,840
when I started this
<font color="

704
00:51:54,840 --> 00:51:57,760
and never realised the mountain
that we had to climb

705
00:51:57,760 --> 00:52:01,240
to actually, you know, succeed.

706
00:52:06,480 --> 00:52:10,040
You look at the experimental teams
that discovered the Higgs boson.

707
00:52:10,040 --> 00:52:14,760
They include Russians and Americans,

708
00:52:14,760 --> 00:52:19,120
they include Chinese and Europeans,

709
00:52:19,120 --> 00:52:22,200
<font color="

710
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:25,840
they include Israelis
and Palestinians.

711
00:52:28,280 --> 00:52:33,440
This is an endeavour which I think
really unifies the human race.

712
00:52:38,080 --> 00:52:40,200
The situation is complex today.

713
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:43,520
The war in Ukraine
does have an impact.

714
00:52:43,520 --> 00:52:48,760
<font color="
to terminate the collaboration

715
00:52:48,760 --> 00:52:50,880
with some Russian institutes.

716
00:52:54,760 --> 00:52:58,360
So, there is one institute
based in Russia

717
00:52:58,360 --> 00:53:00,040
that we are still working with.

718
00:53:01,680 --> 00:53:05,640
Now the CERN Council must decide
whether it wants to keep that

719
00:53:05,640 --> 00:53:09,480
<font color="
or whether it wants to cut all ties.

720
00:53:12,800 --> 00:53:15,400
Sanctioning Russia and Belarus,

721
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:19,280
yeah, that contradicts
the CERN foundation.

722
00:53:19,280 --> 00:53:23,600
So CERN was established
after the Second World War

723
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:26,280
on the ash of Europe, 1954.

724
00:53:27,880 --> 00:53:33,520
<font color="
height of the Cold War, world war,

725
00:53:33,520 --> 00:53:37,720
Americans, Germans, Western Europe,
Russians, Soviets, work together.

726
00:53:37,720 --> 00:53:40,080
So, what has changed?
Why don't you keep that?

727
00:53:44,360 --> 00:53:47,120
You cannot generalise to
all the people.

728
00:53:47,120 --> 00:53:50,320
<font color="
all Russian or Ukrainian

729
00:53:50,320 --> 00:53:53,720
the decision of a few people
in the governments, maybe.

730
00:53:56,360 --> 00:53:58,920
I know these people,
they are against war,

731
00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:02,520
and they are paying for something
that is not their fault.

732
00:54:08,440 --> 00:54:10,240
<font color="

733
00:54:10,240 --> 00:54:13,880
whether Fabiola somehow
has sent something.

734
00:54:13,880 --> 00:54:16,040
There is something. I'll wait.

735
00:54:16,040 --> 00:54:18,160
"An important item on
the review in council..."

736
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:22,040
"..has the council decided not
to terminate the agreement."

737
00:54:22,040 --> 00:54:26,320
<font color="

738
00:54:26,320 --> 00:54:30,800
that CERN remains in its tradition.

739
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:31,840
Very good.

740
00:54:32,880 --> 00:54:35,720
If the council
had not taken that decision

741
00:54:35,720 --> 00:54:38,000
and decided to terminate
the agreement,

742
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:40,280
that would have been the end of
any relation

743
00:54:40,280 --> 00:54:42,360
<font color="

744
00:54:45,840 --> 00:54:47,640
This is really the nerve centre.

745
00:54:47,640 --> 00:54:50,040
This is where everything happens,
you know?

746
00:54:50,040 --> 00:54:54,120
How can we make sure that we
continue being the number one lab?

747
00:54:54,120 --> 00:54:58,720
So it's projecting CERN, you know,
in decades away from today.

748
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,160
<font color="
this feasibility study.

749
00:55:04,160 --> 00:55:05,920
You know, should we have

750
00:55:05,920 --> 00:55:09,080
a super-super-duper-large
accelerator,

751
00:55:09,080 --> 00:55:12,680
it's going to be three times
the size of the current LHC.

752
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:18,040
What is dark matter?

753
00:55:18,040 --> 00:55:20,080
That's the question
<font color="

754
00:55:20,080 --> 00:55:23,560
We know it's there and it must be
there in an enormous amount,

755
00:55:23,560 --> 00:55:29,160
about four times more of this than
the visible mass of the universe.

756
00:55:50,440 --> 00:55:53,480
GROUND CONTROL: ..zero.
And lift-off for the final launch...

757
00:56:47,160 --> 00:56:49,120
<font color="

758
00:56:49,120 --> 00:56:54,080
and we have to accept that there
are things that are much bigger,

759
00:56:54,080 --> 00:57:00,240
much more complex than our brain
and our imagination can capture.

760
00:57:11,560 --> 00:57:16,040
We are made of sub-nuclear universe.

761
00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:19,320
We are pieces of
the sub-nuclear universe.

762
00:57:19,320 --> 00:57:25,120
<font color="
it's the real origin of existence.

763
00:57:28,440 --> 00:57:29,880
HE CHUCKLES

764
00:57:37,280 --> 00:57:40,720
Do you sometimes want to wake up

765
00:57:40,720 --> 00:57:44,320
to the singularity we once were?

766
00:57:47,720 --> 00:57:51,920
For every atom
belonging to me as good

767
00:57:51,920 --> 00:57:53,640
Belongs to you.

768
00:57:55,920 --> 00:58:00,600
When earth was sky,
<font color="

769
00:58:00,600 --> 00:58:08,480
and rock was liquid and
stars were space and space was not.

770
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:14,520
Only a tiny dot

771
00:58:14,520 --> 00:58:20,960
brimming with is is is.

772
00:58:22,720 --> 00:58:27,960
All. Everything. Home.